Q1. What are the seven aspects of the novel according to E. M. Forster's framework, and how do they contribute to understanding and analyzing literary works? How does Forster's concept of these aspects enhance our comprehension and appreciation of novels?
Answer -
Introduction
Aspects of the Novel is a book based on a series of lectures delivered by E. M. Forster at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1927, in which he discusses the English language novel. He breaks down the complex structure of novels into seven important aspects, each contributing uniquely to the comprehension and appreciation of literary works. By using examples from classic texts, he highlights what he sees as the seven universal aspects of the novel, which he defined as: Story, characters, plot, fantasy, prophecy, pattern, and rhythm.
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About The Author
E. M. Forster is regarded as one of the finest twentieth-century critics. Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879-7 June 1970) was an English author, best known for his novels, particularly A Room with a View (1908), Howards End (1910), A Passage to India (1924). And E. M. Forster's influential work Aspects of the Novel, published in 1927. His essays, reviews, articles and poems are collected in two volumes titled Abniger Harvest and Two Cheers for Democracy, where many of his ideas and critical tenets about fiction, art, and literature can be found.
The Seven Aspects of the Novel
The seven aspects of the novel, according to Forster, are Story, Plot, Character, Theme, Rhythm, Fantasy, and Prophecy. Each of these elements plays a significant role in shaping the novel's overall impact and enhancing readers' comprehension and appreciation of the text.
1. Story
- The story is the foundational element of a novel, defined by the sequence of events that prompt readers to ask, "What happens next?" Forster emphasizes that a compelling story maintains reader curiosity and engagement.
- E.M. Forster uses the example of One Thousand and One Nights to show how the narrator, Scheherazade, saves her life by telling stories that keep her husband curious and eager to hear more. The stories are not just entertaining but also provide lessons or meaningful insights. Forster highlights that a story is crucial because it keeps the reader emotionally and mentally connected to the novel.
2. Characters
- E.M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat and round. Flat characters are simple and have just one or two main qualities. They are easy to recognize and stay the same from start to finish. On the other hand, round characters are more complex, change over time, and feel more like real people.
- Forster explains that even simple characters can be very effective, as we see in Charles Dickens' stories. On the other hand, detailed and complex characters, like those in Jane Austen's novels, feel more realistic and lifelike. By understanding characters this way, readers can enjoy the different ways authors create interesting and memorable people in their stories.
3. Plot
- The plot is different from the story because it focuses on why and how events happen, not just what happens. According to Forster, a good plot needs smart readers who can understand the connections and reasons behind events.
CLIMAX
- The balance between plot and characters is very important. Characters should shape the story, not just be controlled by fate. This helps readers understand and enjoy how the author has carefully created a clear and interesting story.
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4. Fantasy
- Fantasy uses imagination to go beyond everyday reality. According to Forster, fantasy doesn't always mean magical events. It can also appear in the unusual way ordinary things or people are presented. Fantasy broadens the story, letting authors explore creative and symbolic ideas.
- This aspect allows for creative freedom and the exploration of the improbable, which can enhance the narrative's appeal and thematic depth. Fantasy enriches the reader's experience by offering an escape from reality and providing new perspectives on familiar subjects.
5. Prophecy
- Prophecy in literature is more than just storytelling; it reveals universal truths and deeper meanings. Forster explains this by talking about Dostoyevsky, whose characters often represent big philosophical or life-related ideas.
- Prophecies have meanings that are less specific but can be applied in many different situations, unlike symbolism, which has more specific meanings, helping readers better understand the human experience.
6. Patterns
- Patterns in a novel refer to the overarching structure or shape of the narrative. Common patterns include circular or hourglass structures, which help readers comprehend the story's progression and thematic resonance.
- Forster warns that patterns in a story should develop naturally from the plot. They should feel real and authentic, not forced, as a made-up structure can make the story seem less believable.
7. Rhythm
- Rhythm refers to the repeating patterns and ideas in a novel that help bring everything together and make the story feel connected and complete. This aspect involves the repetition of certain elements with variations, much like a musical composition, adding layers of meaning and emotional resonance. A well- executed rhythm enhances the reader's engagement and appreciation of the novel's artistic and thematic intricacies.
- Forster explores how how rhythm affects the speed and mood of a story, adding extra meaning and emotions to the reading experience.
Conclusion:
E. M. Forster's seven aspects of the novel help readers understand and enjoy books more. By looking at the story, characters, plot, fantasy, prophecy, patterns, and rhythm, readers can better understand the complexity of novels and learn to appreciate the art of storytelling more deeply.
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