NIOS Class 10th Home Science (216) Important Question & Answer Ch 18

NIOS Class-10th Chapter wise Important Topics

HOME SCIENCE(216)

Ch- 18  Concept of Development

Ques 45. Explain the difference between growth and development.

Answer -

Ques 46. Discuss the various principles of development.

Answer - The various principles of development are:

1. Development occurs in specific/Predetermined pattern: In all babies, development happens in a definite sequence in two ways -

(a) Cephalocaudal Sequence: In this sequence, development always starts from the head towards the feet. For this reason, during pregnancy, first the head of the fetus develops, then the torso and finally the legs. Therefore, at the time of birth, the torso of the newborn is small in proportion to its head.

(b) Proximodistal Sequence: In this sequence, physical development starts from the central parts of the body and moves forward. For example, first the heart and stomach, then shoulders, arms and then hands develop. For this reason the child first learns to sit, then stand and later walk.

2. Development Is A Continuous Process: Development is a life-long process whose pace may sometimes be slow or fast but does not stop.
3. Development Is Always From General To Specific: Children first develop general abilities and then gradually develop specialties. Just as a child first uses his entire hand to hold an object, he learns to use his fingers as he grows older, as smaller muscles take longer to develop.
4. Everyone Passes Through Every Stage Of Development: The sequence of all stages of development is the same for every child. For example, the child first passes through fetal, infancy and childhood and then enters adolescence. No child can go directly from infancy to adolescence.
5. Different Body Parts Develop At Different Pace: All parts of the body have their own pace of development, such as arms and legs develop fully while shoulders develop more late.
6. Pace Of Growth And Development Is Different For Every Stage Of Life: The rate of growth and development is somewhat less in early childhood and adulthood, whereas it is higher in fetal and adolescence.
7. Everyone Reaches To The Maximum Of Development Stage: Due to the different pace of development of children, they definitely reach the peak of their development sooner or later. To reach this pinnacle, proper nutrition, healthy environment, right guidance and positive attitude and encouragement play an important role.

✅ Click here to access all accurate and important topics!
Click here for Home Science (216)

Ques 47. Write the factors influencing development ?

Answer - The factors influencing development are:

1. Heredity and Environment Both heredity and environment are powerful factors, that influence an individual. the environment can be controlled to make it more favourable for an individual’s growth.
2. Nutrition: eating too much or too little - healthy or unhealthy affects our growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential for the healthy development of children in terms of physical and mental attributes (traits). A child must be provided with balanced diet on a regular basis to promote optimal growth and development. Non fulfillment of nutritional needs may lead to several kinds of disorders that affect not only their physical development but mental, social and emotional development as well.
3. Early Stimulation: A stimulating environment encourages the development of the child’s heredity potentials. A stimulating environment encourages good physical and mental development, while an unstimulating environment causes the child’s development to fall below its potential. This factor can be an important reason for a child not to achieve his/her potential.
4. Child rearing practices: Children brought up by permissive parents tend to lack a sense of responsibility, to have poor emotional control and to become under achievers in whatever they undertake. Those brought up by democratic or even firm parents are likely to make better personal and social adjustments. inherited factors interact with environmental influences to determine children’s personality and individual differences in them.

Ques 48. What gross motor activities and skills can be observed in pre-school children ?

Answer - The following gross motor activities and skills can be observed among the pre-school children:

1. Running: At first, running is little more difficult than walking. By the age of 5 or 6 years, the child is able to run smoothly without any fall.
2. Jumping: A child can easily jump by his fourth birthday. He/she can jump from a height of about 12 inches. The five-year-old has no difficulty in jumping over obstacles.
3. Skipping and hopping: Skipping and hopping are modifications of jumping. Most of the children can skip well at the age of 6 years if provided opportunity.
4. Climbing: Before a child is two years old, he can walk upstairs and downstairs with help, holding the railing of the stairs or the hand of a person. The adult manner of step climbing, where the child uses his legs alternately is attained by four years of age, provided that a child has had ample opportunity to learn.
5. Tri-cycling: By the age of two years, very few children can ride tricycles. Between 3 and 4 years, all who have had opportunity to learn can do so.
6. Ball throwing and catching: By 6 years, most children become proficient, though there are vast variations in the skill at every age. For example at first, the child uses his/her whole body to grasp the ball. Then, he/she uses his arms only. Later he/she can catch the ball between the palms in a perfectly coordinated manner.

✅ Click here to access all accurate and important topics!
Click here for Home Science (216)